Major and Minor Moving Violations: Comprehensive Guide for Commercial Trucking Insurance and Driver Eligibility

Meta Description: Complete guide to major and minor moving violations for commercial truck drivers and fleet insurance. Learn ACD MVR codes, violation classifications, insurance requirements, and how violations impact trucking insurance eligibility and premiums.

Understanding Moving Violations in Commercial Trucking Insurance

Commercial truck drivers face unique challenges when it comes to maintaining a clean driving record and securing affordable trucking insurance. Understanding the difference between major violations and minor violations is critical for drivers, fleet managers, and insurance underwriters in the commercial auto insurance industry. This comprehensive guide explains moving violation classifications, ACD MVR codes, typical insurance carrier requirements, and how violations impact commercial trucking insurance rates and driver eligibility.

Moving violations are traffic offenses committed by drivers while their vehicle is in motion. For commercial drivers holding a CDL (Commercial Driver’s License), these violations carry more weight than they would for non-commercial drivers. Insurance companies carefully review Motor Vehicle Records (MVRs) to assess risk, set premiums, and determine whether drivers meet eligibility requirements for commercial auto insurance coverage.

What is an MVR and Why Does it Matter for Trucking Insurance?

An MVR, or Motor Vehicle Record, is a comprehensive driving history report that documents all violations, accidents, license suspensions, and other driving-related incidents. For commercial trucking insurance purposes, carriers typically require MVRs that are current within 30 days. These reports are essential tools for insurance underwriters who evaluate driver risk profiles and make coverage decisions.

Insurance companies use MVR reports to identify patterns of risky driving behavior, assess the likelihood of future claims, and calculate appropriate premium rates. A clean MVR with no major violations and minimal minor violations significantly improves a driver’s insurability and helps secure lower commercial auto insurance rates for fleet operators.

Standard Driver Eligibility Requirements for Commercial Trucking Insurance

Most commercial trucking insurance carriers establish baseline driver eligibility guidelines that applicants must meet before coverage can be issued. While specific requirements vary by carrier, the following represents typical industry standards:

Age and Experience Requirements:

Minimum driver age: 23 years old
Maximum driver age: 65 to 70 years old (depending on carrier, often requiring current medical certification form)
Minimum 2 years of experience driving similar class vehicles
New venture operations require 2 years of documented driving experience
Drivers must maintain appropriate CDL class for vehicle operated

License and Documentation Requirements:

Valid Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) with appropriate class and endorsements
Current DOT medical card
MVR reports current to within 30 days
Clean background check (no disqualifying criminal convictions)

Violation and Accident Requirements:

No more than 3 minor violations in prior 3 years (including at-fault accidents)
No more than 1 accident in prior 3 years
No major violations in past 5 years
No pattern of excessive Out of Service (OOS) vehicle citations (subject to underwriting review)
No suspended or revoked license status (except specific circumstances like child support or medical card lapse)

These requirements serve as gatekeeping standards that protect insurance carriers from high-risk drivers while ensuring that qualified, experienced commercial drivers can obtain necessary coverage.

Minor Violations: Definition, ACD Codes, and Insurance Impact

Minor violations, also called minor moving violations, are less severe traffic infractions that demonstrate relatively low-risk driving behaviors. While these violations do impact insurance rates and driver eligibility, they are generally viewed more leniently than major violations by commercial trucking insurance underwriters.

Common Minor Violations and ACD MVR Codes

Speeding Violations (Under 20 MPH Over Posted Limit):

S01: Speeding (1-5 MPH over limit)
S06: Speeding (6-10 MPH over limit)
S15: Speeding (11-15 MPH over limit)
S16: Speeding (16-20 MPH over limit)
S92: Speeding in construction or work zone
S93: Speeding in school zone
S94: Prima facie speed violation or driving too fast for conditions
S95: Speed contest or racing violation
S96: Speed limit violation (speed not specified)
S97: Other speeding violation
S98: Speeding on freeway (wasting fuel)

Improper Lane Usage:

M40: Improper lane or location violations
M41: Improper lane usage
M42: Improper or erratic lane changes
M43: Running off road
M44: Following too closely or tailgating
M45: Failure to yield right of way
M46: Driving wrong way or on wrong side of road
M47: Improper turn or approach
M48: Leaving scene of crash or accident (property damage only)
M49: Failure to signal or improper signaling
M50: Failure to dim headlights

Traffic Control Device Violations:

M08: Failure to obey traffic signs or signals
M09: Failure to obey safety zone
M10: Failure to obey barrier
M12: Failure to stop at stop sign
M13: Failure to stop at flashing red light
M14: Failure to stop at railroad crossing
M15: Failure to obey railroad crossing restrictions
M16: Failure to stop at red traffic light
M17: Failure to stop at flashing red light
M18: Improper passing
M19: Passing violation not otherwise specified

Right of Way Violations:

N01: Failure to yield right of way to vehicle
N02: Failure to yield right of way to pedestrian
N03: Failure to yield right of way at crosswalk
N04: Failure to yield right of way to emergency vehicle
N05: Failure to yield right of way at stop sign
N06: Failure to yield right of way at yield sign
N07: Failure to yield right of way at traffic sign
N08: Failure to yield right of way at traffic signal
N09: Failure to yield right of way emerging from alley or driveway

Equipment and Lighting Violations:

E01: Operating without equipment as required by law
E02: Operating with defective brakes
E03: Operating with defective or no lights
E04: Operating with improper or defective horn or warning devices
E05: Operating with inadequate or improper exhaust or emission system
E06: Operating with unsafe tires
E34: Windshield cracked or discolored

Other Minor Violations:

F02: Child or youth restraint not used as required
F03: Motorcycle safety equipment not used as required (helmet)
F04: Seat belt not used as required
F05: Unsafe condition of vehicle (not otherwise specified)
F06: Open container violations
D29: Violating conditions or restrictions of license or permit
D70: Driver’s view obstructed
D72: Operating vehicle improperly because of drowsiness

At-Fault Accidents as Minor Violations

Many commercial trucking insurance carriers classify at-fault accidents as minor violations when evaluating driver records. Common accident-related ACD codes include:

A04: Driving too fast for conditions leading to accident
A08: Following improperly leading to accident
A10: Failure to yield right of way causing accident
A12: Improper passing causing accident
A20: Negligent collision or accident
A21: Accident while backing
A22: Striking fixed object
A23: Striking pedestrian
A24: Striking another vehicle

Accidents are typically evaluated based on fault determination, severity, and frequency. Most carriers allow no more than 1 accident in the prior 3 years as part of standard driver eligibility requirements.

Insurance Impact of Minor Violations

Minor violations affect commercial trucking insurance in several ways:

Premium Increases: Each minor violation typically results in a 10-20% premium increase, depending on carrier and violation type.
Accumulation Rules: Most carriers allow up to 3 minor violations within a 3-year lookback period. Exceeding this threshold may result in coverage denial or assignment to high-risk insurance programs.
Points Systems: Some states and carriers use point systems where minor violations accumulate points. Reaching a threshold number of points can trigger license suspension or insurance non-renewal.
Lookback Periods: Minor violations typically remain on MVRs for 3 years and impact insurance eligibility during this period.
Pattern Recognition: Multiple similar violations (such as three speeding tickets) may indicate problematic driving patterns and result in more severe underwriting action than three different types of minor violations.

Major Violations: Definition, ACD Codes, and Insurance Impact

Major violations are serious traffic offenses that demonstrate high-risk driving behaviors and significantly compromise safety. These violations have severe consequences for commercial drivers, including potential license suspension, termination of employment, and denial of commercial trucking insurance coverage.

Common Major Violations and ACD MVR Codes

Excessive Speeding (20+ MPH Over Posted Limit):

S21: Speeding 20 MPH or more above posted limit
S51: Speeding 21-30 MPH over posted limit
S81: Speeding 31 MPH or more over posted limit
S93: Excessive speed in school zone (may be major if 20+ over)

Excessive speeding demonstrates willful disregard for traffic laws and significantly increases accident risk, making it a major violation across virtually all commercial insurance carriers.

Reckless and Careless Driving:

M80: Reckless driving
M81: Careless driving
M82: Driving with willful or wanton disregard for safety
M83: Improper driving; driving in a careless or imprudent manner
M84: Driving without due care or attention

Reckless driving charges indicate aggressive, dangerous operation of commercial vehicles and are considered among the most serious non-DUI violations.

School Bus Violations:

M75: Passing or overtaking school bus displaying warning not to pass
M76: Passing school bus while loading or unloading passengers

Passing a stopped school bus puts children at extreme risk and is treated as a major violation with severe penalties.

Distracted Driving:

M85: Texting while driving
M86: Using handheld mobile phone or personal communication device while driving

Federal regulations prohibit commercial drivers from texting or using handheld devices while operating CMVs. Violations result in significant fines and are considered major violations.

Hit and Run:

B01: Hit and run involving fatality
B02: Hit and run involving personal injury
B03: Hit and run involving property damage
B04: Hit and run (severity not specified)
B05: Leaving scene of accident involving bodily injury
B06: Leaving scene of accident involving property damage
B07: Leaving scene of accident (severity not specified)

Leaving the scene of an accident is a criminal offense in most jurisdictions and results in automatic insurance denial.

Racing and Exhibition Driving:

S95: Speed contest or drag racing
M11: Improper motorcycle operation
U03: Fleeing or evading police or roadblock
U04: Racing
U21: Driving under influence of drugs or alcohol combined with other serious violations

Racing and exhibition driving demonstrate extreme disregard for safety and public welfare.

DUI, DWI, and Impaired Driving (Alcohol or Drugs):

A20: Driving under influence of alcohol or drugs
A21: Driving while impaired
A22: Driving under influence of alcohol with BAC at or over 0.04%
A23: Driving under influence of alcohol with BAC at or over 0.08%
A24: Driving under influence of alcohol with BAC at or over 0.10%
A25: Driving under the influence of controlled substance
A26: Driving under combined influence of alcohol and drugs
A33: Refusal to submit to test for alcohol or drugs
A50: Motor vehicle used in commission of felony involving manufacturing, distributing, or dispensing controlled substance
A60: Administrative per se for 0.04% or more alcohol concentration
A61: Administrative per se for 0.08% or more alcohol concentration
A90: Operating while intoxicated (any detectable alcohol for CDL holders under 21)
A94: Drinking alcohol while operating or in physical control of vehicle
A98: Other alcohol or drug offense

DUI and DWI violations are the most serious offenses a commercial driver can commit. Federal regulations impose lifetime or permanent disqualification for multiple DUI offenses and significant penalties for first offenses.

License Suspension and Revocation:

B20: Driving while license suspended or revoked
B21: Driving while license withdrawn
B22: Driving while license barred
B23: Driving while license cancelled
B24: Driving while license denied
B25: Driving while license disqualified
B26: Driving while license revoked (not included in B20 or B25)
B27: Driving while out of service order is in effect (violating restrictions)
B51: Expired or no driver’s license (major if operating commercial vehicle)

Important Exception: Suspensions specifically for child support payment issues or medical card lapses are typically classified as minor violations or administrative issues rather than major violations, provided the driver was otherwise qualified.

Criminal Violations Involving Motor Vehicles:

U01: Felony involving use of motor vehicle
U02: Felony involving use of commercial motor vehicle
U03: Fleeing or evading police or roadblock
U04: Manslaughter or negligent homicide resulting from operation of motor vehicle
U05: Perjury or making false statements or affidavits to motor vehicle department
U06: Vehicle theft or unauthorized use
U07: Making false statement on application
U08: Using motor vehicle in connection with felony (not traffic offense)
U09: Using motor vehicle to aid and abet felon
U10: Using motor vehicle in commission of misdemeanor
U21: Criminal negligence resulting in death or serious injury
U27: Vehicle operation resulting in fatal accident
U28: Vehicular assault or aggravated assault with vehicle

Criminal convictions involving motor vehicles, particularly those resulting in injury or death, are disqualifying offenses for commercial trucking insurance.

Railroad Crossing Violations:

M20: Railroad grade crossing violation
M21: Driver failing to stop before reaching railroad crossing
M22: Driver failing to slow down at railroad crossing
M23: Driver failing to stop as required before driving onto railroad crossing
M24: Driver failing to have sufficient space to drive completely through railroad crossing

Railroad crossing violations by commercial vehicle operators are major violations under federal regulations.

Out of Service Violations:

B19: Violation of out of service order
B27: Driving while out of service order is in effect

Operating a commercial vehicle while under an out of service order is a federal violation with severe consequences. Excessive OOS vehicle citations typically require underwriting review and may result in coverage denial.

Insurance Impact of Major Violations

Major violations have dramatic impacts on commercial trucking insurance:

Coverage Denial: Most carriers have zero tolerance for major violations within a 5-year lookback period. A single major violation typically results in automatic denial of standard commercial trucking insurance.
High-Risk Insurance Programs: Drivers with major violations may only qualify for high-risk or surplus lines insurance programs with substantially higher premiums (often 2-5 times standard rates).
Extended Lookback Periods: Major violations remain on MVRs and impact insurance eligibility for 5 to 10 years, depending on violation severity and carrier policy.
Employment Consequences: Many trucking companies have policies prohibiting employment of drivers with major violations, regardless of insurance availability.
CDL Disqualification: Certain major violations trigger mandatory CDL disqualification periods under federal regulations:
- First DUI: 1-year disqualification (3 years if transporting hazardous materials)
- Second DUI: Lifetime disqualification
- Using CMV in commission of felony: Lifetime disqualification
- Leaving scene of accident: 1-year disqualification
- Serious violations (excessive speeding, reckless driving, improper lane changes): Multiple offenses within 3 years result in 60-day to 120-day disqualification
Premium Impact: When coverage is available, major violations can increase premiums by 100-300% or more.

Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) Classes and Requirements

Understanding CDL classes is essential for matching drivers with appropriate vehicles and ensuring insurance compliance. Operating a vehicle without the proper CDL class is a serious violation that can void insurance coverage.

Class A CDL

Vehicles Authorized: Combination vehicles with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of 26,001 pounds or more, provided the towed vehicle has a GVWR of more than 10,000 pounds.

Common Vehicle Types:

Tractor-trailers (semi-trucks)
Truck and trailer combinations
Tanker vehicles
Livestock carriers
Flatbeds with trailers

Insurance Requirements: Class A drivers must have appropriate experience operating combination vehicles. Most carriers require minimum 2 years Class A experience for insurance eligibility.

Class B CDL

Vehicles Authorized: Single vehicles with a GVWR of 26,001 pounds or more, or vehicles towing another vehicle with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less.

Common Vehicle Types:

Straight trucks
Large buses (city buses, school buses, tour buses)
Box trucks over 26,000 pounds
Dump trucks
Delivery trucks
Tow trucks
Cement mixers

Insurance Requirements: Class B operators must demonstrate experience with straight trucks or buses. Cross-class experience may require additional training.

Class C CDL

Vehicles Authorized: Vehicles that do not meet Class A or B definitions but are designed to transport 16 or more passengers (including driver) or transport hazardous materials requiring placarding.

Common Vehicle Types:

Small passenger buses
Passenger vans (16+ passengers)
Vehicles transporting hazardous materials
Small trucks under 26,000 pounds carrying hazmat

Insurance Requirements: Class C drivers need appropriate passenger or hazmat endorsements. Many commercial insurance policies have separate requirements for passenger liability coverage.

CDL Endorsements and Restrictions

Beyond basic CDL classes, drivers may need specific endorsements:

H Endorsement: Hazardous materials
N Endorsement: Tank vehicles
P Endorsement: Passenger vehicles
S Endorsement: School bus
T Endorsement: Double/triple trailers
X Endorsement: Combination of tank vehicle and hazardous materials

Operating without required endorsements is a violation that can void insurance coverage and result in significant penalties.

The ACD Code System Explained

The ACD (American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators Code Dictionary) is a standardized system for reporting violations, suspensions, and other licensing actions across all U.S. states. This standardization enables insurance carriers to consistently evaluate driver records regardless of where violations occurred.

ACD Code Structure

ACD codes consist of a letter followed by two digits:

A codes: Alcohol and drug-related violations
B codes: License-related violations and administrative actions
D codes: License restrictions and conditions
E codes: Vehicle equipment violations
F codes: Safety equipment and restraint violations
M codes: Miscellaneous violations (lane usage, passing, signals, etc.)
N codes: Failure to yield and right-of-way violations
S codes: Speed-related violations
U codes: Criminal violations and serious offenses
W codes: Withdrawal/suspension actions

Importance for Insurance Underwriting

Insurance underwriters rely on ACD codes to:

Consistently classify violations across state lines
Identify patterns of risky behavior
Determine violation severity
Calculate appropriate premium adjustments
Make coverage eligibility decisions

A thorough understanding of ACD codes helps fleet managers and drivers understand how specific violations will impact insurance costs and eligibility.

Violation Lookback Periods and How They Work

Lookback periods determine how long violations remain relevant for insurance purposes. Understanding these timeframes is critical for drivers working to improve their MVR status.

Standard Lookback Periods by Violation Type

Minor Violations: 3-year lookback period

Most carriers evaluate minor violations that occurred within the past 36 months
Violations older than 3 years typically do not impact eligibility or pricing
The clock starts from the violation date, not the conviction date

Major Violations: 5-year lookback period (minimum)

Major violations impact eligibility for at least 5 years
Some carriers extend lookback to 7 or 10 years for serious violations
DUI violations may have lifetime impact with some carriers
Criminal violations often result in permanent disqualification

Accidents: 3 to 5-year lookback period

At-fault accidents typically reviewed for 3 years
Serious accidents with fatalities may have extended lookback
Not-at-fault accidents generally do not impact eligibility

State Variations in MVR Reporting

While insurance carriers apply consistent lookback periods, states vary in how long they maintain violation records:

Some states purge minor violations after 3 years
Other states maintain lifetime driving records
Serious violations often remain on state records permanently

For insurance purposes, carrier lookback policies supersede state reporting timeframes. Even if a violation no longer appears on a state MVR, carriers may still consider it if it falls within their lookback period and appears in their internal databases.

How to Improve Your MVR and Become Insurable

Drivers with violation histories can take specific steps to improve their insurability:

Short-Term Strategies (0-12 Months)

Complete Defensive Driving Courses: Many carriers offer premium credits for approved defensive driving or professional truck driver training courses.
Maintain Clean Driving: Each month without new violations improves your profile. Demonstrate consistent safe driving practices.
Resolve Outstanding Issues: Clear any license suspensions, pay outstanding fines, and update medical certifications.
Document Mitigating Circumstances: If violations occurred under unusual circumstances, document this for underwriting review.
Consider Certificate Programs: CDL training certificate programs, safety awards, and professional certifications can partially offset violation history.

Medium-Term Strategies (1-3 Years)

Wait for Minor Violations to Age Off: As violations move beyond the 3-year lookback period, your insurability improves significantly.
Build Positive Driving Record: Accumulate violation-free months and years to demonstrate improved driving behavior.
Maintain Employment Stability: Stable employment with reputable carriers demonstrates responsibility and reduces perceived risk.
Participate in Safety Programs: Join carrier safety programs, attend safety meetings, and pursue safety-related professional development.

Long-Term Strategies (3-5+ Years)

Allow Major Violations to Age: The 5-year lookback period for major violations represents a significant milestone. Once major violations age beyond this threshold, standard insurance becomes accessible again.
Pursue Industry Certifications: Advanced certifications such as Certified Director of Safety (CDS) or Certified Transportation Professional (CTP) demonstrate commitment to safety.
Build Referrals and Relationships: Positive relationships with current and former employers provide valuable references during insurance underwriting.

Working with High-Risk Insurance Programs

Drivers with recent major violations or excessive minor violations may need high-risk or surplus lines insurance temporarily:

Characteristics of High-Risk Programs

Higher Premiums: Expect rates 200-500% higher than standard programs
Limited Coverage Options: May have higher deductibles, lower liability limits, or restricted coverage
Strict Monitoring: Some programs require quarterly MVR reviews or GPS monitoring
Graduation Opportunities: Demonstrate clean driving for 2-3 years to qualify for standard programs

Specialized Insurers

Several insurance companies specialize in high-risk commercial auto coverage:

Surplus lines carriers
Non-admitted insurers
State assigned risk pools (some states)
Program business specialists

Working with an experienced commercial insurance broker who specializes in trucking can help identify the best options during high-risk periods.

Out of Service (OOS) Citations and Violations

Out of Service violations deserve special attention due to their serious implications for commercial drivers and carriers.

Types of OOS Violations

Driver OOS: Citations issued when drivers exceed allowable hours of service, lack required credentials, or fail medical qualification standards.
Vehicle OOS: Citations issued when vehicles have safety defects that pose immediate hazards (brake systems, steering, lighting, etc.).
Hazmat OOS: Special violations related to improper placarding, documentation, or handling of hazardous materials.

Insurance Impact

Excessive OOS citations trigger underwriting referral at most carriers. Patterns of OOS violations suggest:

Poor vehicle maintenance practices
Inadequate safety compliance programs
High-risk operating behaviors
Potential for serious accidents

Fleet operators with high OOS rates face:

Premium surcharges of 25-100%
Enhanced scrutiny during underwriting
Possible coverage restrictions
Required corrective action plans

Federal CSA Scores

The FMCSA’s Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA) program tracks OOS violations and other safety metrics. High CSA scores correlate with increased accident risk and impact insurance eligibility and pricing.

State-Specific Considerations

While ACD codes provide standardization, state-specific laws and regulations create important variations:

Point Systems

Many states use point systems where violations accumulate points against a driver’s license:

Minor violations: 2-4 points
Major violations: 6-12 points
License suspension typically triggered at 12-15 points

Points may impact insurance even before causing license suspension.

Traffic Diversion Programs

Some states offer diversion or deferred adjudication programs where violations can be dismissed upon completing requirements. However, insurance carriers may still consider these violations during the diversion period.

CDL-Specific State Rules

States have varying rules regarding:

CDL to non-CDL conversion restrictions
Intrastate vs. interstate operating authority
Medical certification requirements
Age restrictions for interstate commerce

Best Practices for Fleet Managers

Fleet managers play a crucial role in maintaining insurable driver pools:

Pre-Hire Screening

Comprehensive MVR Review: Obtain and review MVRs for all driver candidates
Employment Verification: Contact previous employers to verify safety records
Background Checks: Conduct criminal background checks
Drug and Alcohol Testing: Complete pre-employment DOT drug screens
Road Tests: Evaluate driving skills in actual operating conditions

Ongoing Monitoring

Annual MVR Pulls: Review MVRs annually at minimum (quarterly for high-risk drivers)
Continuous Monitoring Programs: Consider services that alert managers to new violations immediately
Safety Performance Reviews: Regular driver performance evaluations
Progressive Discipline: Clear policies for addressing violations
Training and Education: Regular safety training and professional development

Policy Development

Clear Violation Policies: Written standards for acceptable and unacceptable violations
Progressive Discipline Procedures: Documented steps from verbal warning to termination
Safety Incentive Programs: Rewards for clean driving records and safety performance
Zero Tolerance Policies: Clear zero tolerance standards for major violations
Return to Work Programs: Procedures for drivers returning after violations or suspension

Technology and Violation Prevention

Modern technology offers tools to help drivers avoid violations:

Telematics and GPS Systems

Speed monitoring and alerts
Harsh braking detection
Real-time coaching and feedback
Route optimization to avoid problematic areas

Electronic Logging Devices (ELDs)

Automatic hours of service tracking
Violation prevention through real-time alerts
Improved compliance with federal regulations

Dashcams and Video Systems

Evidence in disputed violations
Coaching opportunities for improvement
Proof of not-at-fault status in accidents
Behavior modification through awareness of monitoring

Mobile Apps

Pre-trip inspection applications
Weather and traffic alerts
Safe parking location finders
Load securement verification

The Future of Violation Assessment

The commercial trucking insurance industry continues evolving its approach to violation assessment:

Emerging Trends

Behavioral Analytics: More sophisticated analysis of violation patterns and contexts
Predictive Modeling: AI and machine learning to better predict future risk based on violation history
Real-Time Assessment: Continuous monitoring replacing annual reviews
Contextual Evaluation: Considering circumstances and contexts of violations
Safety Culture Metrics: Evaluating carrier safety culture alongside individual violations

Regulatory Changes

Federal and state regulations continually evolve:

Changes to hours of service rules
New vehicle safety requirements
Enhanced drug and alcohol testing protocols
Emerging technology standards

Staying current with regulatory changes helps drivers and fleet managers maintain compliance and avoid violations.

Financial Impact of Violations on Insurance Costs

Understanding the financial consequences of violations helps drivers and fleet managers appreciate the importance of clean driving records:

Premium Impact Examples

Example 1: Single Minor Violation

Base premium: $8,000 annually
Minor violation surcharge: 15%
New premium: $9,200 annually
Additional cost: $1,200

Example 2: Multiple Minor Violations

Base premium: $8,000 annually
Three minor violations: 40% combined surcharge
New premium: $11,200 annually
Additional cost: $3,200

Example 3: Single Major Violation

Base premium: $8,000 annually
Major violation: May result in declination from standard market
High-risk market premium: $20,000 to $40,000 annually
Additional cost: $12,000 to $32,000

Example 4: DUI Violation

Base premium: $8,000 annually
Standard market: Coverage declined
High-risk market: $40,000 to $60,000 annually (if available)
Additional cost: $32,000 to $52,000
Note: May face multi-year elevated premiums even after violation ages off

Fleet-Level Impacts

For fleet operators, violations create compounding costs:

Direct premium increases
Loss of good driver discounts
Higher deductibles
Reduced coverage options
Increased claim frequency
Potential loss of shipper contracts
Workers’ compensation rate impacts

Violation Appeals and Dispute Resolution

Drivers have options to contest unjust violations:

Administrative Hearings

Most states provide administrative hearing processes to contest:

Violation citations
License suspensions
Out of service orders

Successful appeals can keep violations off MVRs and preserve insurability.

Legal Representation

For serious violations, legal representation may be justified:

DUI charges
Reckless driving citations
Violations that would result in license suspension
Cases with significant mitigating circumstances

Attorneys experienced in traffic law can often negotiate reduced charges that have less insurance impact.

Documentation Importance

Maintaining thorough documentation supports appeals:

Dash camera footage
GPS and telematics data
Weather reports
Witness statements
Vehicle maintenance records
Training certifications

Resources for Drivers and Fleet Managers

Numerous resources support safe driving and violation prevention:

Government Resources

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA): Regulations, safety programs, and compliance guidance
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA): Safety statistics and educational materials
State Department of Transportation: State-specific regulations and resources
Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA): Inspection procedures and safety standards

Industry Associations

American Trucking Associations (ATA): Industry advocacy and safety programs
Truckload Carriers Association (TCA): Safety benchmarking and best practices
Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association (OOIDA): Resources for owner-operators
National Private Truck Council (NPTC): Private fleet safety programs

Training Organizations

National Safety Council: Defensive driving and safety courses
Smith System: Professional driver training
J.J. Keller: Compliance and training materials
American Driver & Traffic Safety Education Association (ADTSEA): Driver education resources

Technology Providers

ELD providers: Electronic logging device systems
Telematics companies: Vehicle tracking and driver behavior monitoring
Insurance technology platforms: MVR monitoring and driver qualification systems
Safety management software: Comprehensive fleet safety programs

Conclusion

Understanding major and minor moving violations is essential for commercial truck drivers, fleet managers, and anyone involved in the trucking insurance industry. The distinction between violation categories directly impacts insurance eligibility, premium costs, employment opportunities, and overall career success in commercial driving.

Minor violations, while less severe than major violations, accumulate quickly and can push drivers beyond eligibility thresholds if not managed carefully. Standard carrier requirements limiting drivers to three minor violations in three years, one accident in three years, and zero major violations in five years reflect industry-wide recognition of the relationship between violation history and accident risk.

Major violations carry severe and long-lasting consequences. Violations such as DUI, reckless driving, excessive speeding, and leaving the scene of an accident can make drivers uninsurable in standard markets for five years or more. The financial impact extends far beyond immediate fines, potentially costing tens of thousands of dollars in elevated insurance premiums or lost employment opportunities.

The ACD code system provides standardized violation reporting across all states, enabling consistent risk assessment by insurance carriers. Familiarity with common ACD codes helps drivers and fleet managers understand exactly how specific violations will be classified and what insurance implications they carry.

Maintaining appropriate CDL classification, staying current on all certifications, participating in safety programs, and prioritizing violation-free driving create the foundation for long-term success in commercial trucking. For those with violation histories, patience, commitment to safe driving, and strategic use of available resources can gradually restore full insurability.

The commercial trucking industry depends on professional drivers who take safety seriously and maintain clean driving records. By understanding violation classifications, working proactively to prevent infractions, and addressing any violations promptly and professionally, drivers can build and maintain the strong safety records that lead to better insurance rates, stable employment, and successful careers.

Fleet managers who invest in comprehensive driver screening, ongoing monitoring, quality training programs, and supportive safety cultures create environments where violations are minimized and insurance costs remain competitive. The investment in violation prevention pays dividends through reduced premiums, fewer accidents, lower turnover, and enhanced reputation with shippers and insurers alike.

Whether you are a commercial driver working to maintain your spotless record, a driver recovering from past violations, or a fleet manager building a culture of safety excellence, understanding the nuances of major and minor violations provides the knowledge foundation necessary for success in the commercial trucking insurance marketplace.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the difference between a major violation and a minor violation for truck drivers?

Minor violations are less serious traffic infractions such as speeding under 20 MPH over the limit, improper lane changes, following too closely, running stop signs, or failure to yield. Most insurance carriers allow up to 3 minor violations within a 3-year period. Major violations are serious offenses including speeding 20+ MPH over the limit, reckless driving, DUI or DWI, driving with a suspended license, hit and run, passing a stopped school bus, texting while driving, or any criminal conviction involving a motor vehicle. A single major violation within a 5-year lookback period typically results in denial of standard commercial trucking insurance coverage.

How long do violations stay on my MVR for insurance purposes?

Minor violations typically impact insurance eligibility for 3 years from the date of the violation. Major violations affect insurance for at least 5 years, though some carriers extend this to 7 or 10 years for serious offenses like DUI. Some carriers maintain lifetime lookback for multiple DUI offenses or criminal violations involving fatalities. Even if your state removes a violation from your driving record, insurance carriers may still consider it within their lookback period through their internal databases.

What are ACD codes and why do they matter for trucking insurance?

ACD codes (American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators Code Dictionary) are standardized codes used to report violations consistently across all U.S. states. These codes allow insurance underwriters to evaluate violations uniformly regardless of where they occurred. Examples include S21 for excessive speeding (20+ MPH over), A20 for DUI, M80 for reckless driving, and B20 for driving on a suspended license. Insurance carriers use ACD codes to classify violations as major or minor, determine premium surcharges, and make coverage eligibility decisions.

Can I get commercial trucking insurance with a DUI on my record?

A DUI conviction is a major violation that typically disqualifies drivers from standard commercial trucking insurance for at least 5 years. During this period, coverage may only be available through high-risk or surplus lines carriers at premiums that are 200-500% higher than standard rates. Some carriers maintain permanent declination policies for DUI violations. Additionally, federal regulations impose a 1-year CDL disqualification for a first DUI offense (3 years if transporting hazardous materials) and lifetime disqualification for a second DUI offense, making it extremely difficult to work as a commercial driver.

How many speeding tickets can I have and still get insured?

This depends on the severity and timing of the speeding violations. Most carriers allow up to 3 minor speeding violations (under 20 MPH over the limit) within a 3-year period as part of their standard eligibility guidelines. However, even a single speeding ticket of 20 MPH or more over the posted limit is classified as a major violation and typically results in denial of standard coverage for 5 years. Multiple speeding tickets of the same type may also indicate a pattern of risky behavior and trigger stricter underwriting scrutiny even if they fall within the minor violation category.

What happens if I get a violation while driving my personal vehicle but I have a CDL?

Violations in personal vehicles still appear on your MVR and impact your commercial trucking insurance eligibility. CDL holders are held to higher standards regardless of which vehicle they are operating. A DUI in your personal car will disqualify your CDL and make you uninsurable for commercial driving. Even minor violations in personal vehicles count toward the typical 3-violation limit in 3 years. Insurance carriers review your complete driving record across all vehicles when making coverage decisions.

Are at-fault accidents considered violations for insurance purposes?

Yes, most commercial trucking insurance carriers classify at-fault accidents as minor violations when evaluating driver eligibility. Standard carrier requirements typically allow no more than 1 accident in the prior 3 years. Accidents are evaluated based on fault determination, severity, property damage, and injuries. Not-at-fault accidents generally do not impact eligibility, though carriers may review patterns of frequent accidents even when not at fault. Serious accidents involving fatalities or criminal charges may be treated as major violations with extended lookback periods.

What does “excessive Out of Service citations” mean and how does it affect insurance?

Out of Service (OOS) citations are issued when drivers or vehicles are found to have serious safety violations during roadside inspections. Driver OOS violations include hours of service violations, lack of proper credentials, or medical disqualification. Vehicle OOS citations involve critical safety defects like brake failures, steering problems, or lighting issues. Excessive OOS citations indicate poor compliance and safety practices, triggering underwriting referral at most insurance carriers. This can result in premium surcharges of 25-100%, coverage restrictions, or outright denial depending on the frequency and severity of OOS violations.

Is a license suspension for child support considered a major violation?

No, license suspensions specifically for child support payment issues are typically classified as administrative actions rather than major violations by most commercial trucking insurance carriers. This exception recognizes that such suspensions are financial rather than safety-related. However, you cannot legally operate a commercial vehicle while your license is suspended for any reason. Similarly, suspensions for medical card lapses are often treated more leniently than other suspension types, provided the driver was otherwise qualified and quickly resolved the medical certification issue.

What is the minimum age to qualify for commercial trucking insurance?

Most commercial trucking insurance carriers require drivers to be at least 23 years old for standard coverage eligibility. Some carriers set maximum ages between 65 and 70 years old, typically requiring current medical certification forms for older drivers. These age requirements reflect statistical accident risk patterns. Drivers under 23 may be able to obtain coverage through specialized high-risk programs or by working for larger carriers with self-insured programs, though premiums will be significantly higher.

How much will my insurance increase if I get a speeding ticket?

A single minor speeding ticket (under 20 MPH over the limit) typically increases commercial trucking insurance premiums by 10-20%. Multiple minor violations can result in cumulative surcharges of 30-50% or more. A major speeding violation (20+ MPH over) will likely result in declination from standard markets and force you into high-risk insurance programs with premiums 200-500% higher than standard rates. The exact increase depends on your overall driving record, the carrier’s rating system, violation severity, and whether you exceed the maximum violation thresholds.

What CDL class do I need for different types of trucks?

Class A CDL is required for combination vehicles over 26,001 pounds GVWR with a towed vehicle over 10,000 pounds (tractor-trailers, semi-trucks). Class B CDL is required for single vehicles over 26,001 pounds GVWR or towing vehicles under 10,000 pounds (straight trucks, dump trucks, buses). Class C CDL is required for vehicles designed to transport 16+ passengers or hazardous materials requiring placarding, even if under 26,001 pounds. Operating a vehicle without the proper CDL class voids insurance coverage and constitutes a serious violation. Insurance carriers verify that drivers maintain appropriate CDL classes for vehicles operated.

Can I appeal a traffic violation to keep it off my MVR?

Yes, most states provide administrative hearing processes to contest traffic violations. Successfully appealing a violation can keep it off your MVR and preserve your insurance eligibility. For serious violations like DUI, reckless driving, or those that would cause license suspension, hiring an attorney experienced in traffic law is often worthwhile. Attorneys may be able to negotiate reduced charges that have less insurance impact. Documentation such as dash camera footage, GPS data, weather reports, witness statements, and maintenance records can support appeals. However, appealing delays do not prevent the violation from appearing on your MVR during the appeal process.

What is a CSA score and how does it affect my insurance?

CSA (Compliance, Safety, Accountability) is the FMCSA’s safety measurement system that tracks violations, inspections, crashes, and other safety data for carriers and drivers. High CSA scores in categories like Unsafe Driving, Hours of Service Compliance, Vehicle Maintenance, or Controlled Substances/Alcohol indicate increased accident risk. Insurance carriers review CSA scores during underwriting and may increase premiums, add restrictions, or decline coverage for carriers or drivers with poor CSA performance. Out of Service violations, inspection failures, and crash history all contribute to CSA scores.

What should I do immediately after receiving a traffic violation?

First, remain professional and courteous during the traffic stop. Accept the citation without argument, as roadside is not the place to contest violations. Document the circumstances including weather, traffic conditions, and any relevant details. Take photos if appropriate. Notify your employer immediately as required by company policy and federal regulations. Review the citation carefully and understand the charges. Consult with your employer’s safety department about company policies and whether legal representation is recommended. Consider whether to pay the fine (admitting guilt) or contest the violation based on the severity and your driving record. For major violations, seek legal counsel before making decisions.

How can I improve my MVR after getting violations?

The most effective strategy is time and clean driving. Minor violations automatically age off after 3 years, while major violations require 5+ years. During this period, avoid any additional violations by practicing defensive driving, allowing extra travel time, using cruise control to maintain speed limits, staying current on vehicle maintenance, and being extra cautious during weather events. Complete approved defensive driving courses for potential insurance credits. Maintain stable employment to demonstrate responsibility. Participate in carrier safety programs and pursue professional certifications. Document mitigating circumstances for underwriting consideration. For serious violations, work with high-risk insurance programs while rebuilding your record.

Do violations in other states affect my insurance?

Yes, violations in any state appear on your MVR and impact your commercial trucking insurance. The ACD code system ensures that violations are reported consistently across state lines. A speeding ticket in California affects your insurance the same as one in New York. Interstate drivers cannot avoid insurance consequences by committing violations in different states. In fact, patterns of violations across multiple states may indicate higher risk to underwriters. All states participate in the Commercial Driver’s License Information System (CDLIS), which shares violation data nationally.

What is the difference between reckless driving and careless driving?

Both are major violations, but reckless driving (ACD code M80) is more serious than careless driving (ACD code M81). Reckless driving involves willful or wanton disregard for safety of persons or property, showing intentional dangerous behavior. Careless driving indicates operation without due caution but may lack the intentional element. Both are major violations that result in standard market declination for 5 years. Reckless driving often carries more severe criminal penalties, higher fines, and potential jail time. Some jurisdictions use these terms differently, but insurance carriers evaluate them based on ACD codes rather than state statute names.

Can my employer fire me for a traffic violation?

Yes, most trucking companies have violation policies that allow termination for major violations and progressive discipline for minor violations. Federal regulations require carriers to review annual MVRs for all drivers. Companies often have zero tolerance policies for DUI, reckless driving, driving on suspended license, and other major violations. Multiple minor violations may also result in termination under company safety policies. Additionally, if violations make you uninsurable, employers cannot legally allow you to operate commercial vehicles. Review your company’s violation policy in the employee handbook and maintain open communication with your safety department when violations occur.

What are the federal regulations regarding CDL disqualification?

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (49 CFR Part 383) mandate specific CDL disqualification periods for serious violations. First major offense (excessive speeding, reckless driving, improper lane change causing accident) results in 60-day disqualification for two offenses in 3 years, 120 days for three offenses. First DUI offense results in 1-year disqualification (3 years if transporting hazmat). Second DUI results in lifetime disqualification. Using a CMV to commit a felony results in lifetime disqualification. Leaving the scene of an accident results in 1-year disqualification. Railroad crossing violations (three in 3 years) result in 60-day to 1-year disqualification. These are minimum federal standards; states and employers may impose stricter requirements.

How do telematics and dash cameras affect violation rates and insurance?

Telematics systems monitor vehicle speed, harsh braking, rapid acceleration, cornering, and other driving behaviors, providing real-time feedback to drivers and alerts to fleet managers. Studies show that telematics reduce violations by 20-40% through behavior modification and coaching opportunities. Dash cameras provide video evidence that can exonerate drivers in disputed violations or not-at-fault accidents. Many insurance carriers offer premium discounts of 5-15% for fleets using telematics and camera systems. These technologies also improve CSA scores, reduce accident frequency, and demonstrate proactive safety management to underwriters. The combination of monitoring, coaching, and evidence documentation makes these tools valuable for violation prevention.

What happens if I drive a commercial vehicle while under an Out of Service order?

Operating a commercial vehicle while under an Out of Service order is a federal violation (ACD code B27) classified as a major violation with severe consequences. First offense results in minimum 90-day to 1-year CDL disqualification and civil penalties up to $2,750 for drivers ($11,000 for carriers). Subsequent offenses result in 1 to 5-year disqualifications and civil penalties up to $5,500 for drivers ($22,000 for carriers). This violation makes you uninsurable in standard markets for 5+ years. Carriers who knowingly allow drivers to operate under OOS orders face even more severe penalties and potential loss of operating authority. Never operate a commercial vehicle while under any OOS order.

Are there insurance options for new CDL drivers with no experience?

New CDL drivers face challenges obtaining insurance due to lack of experience, though options exist. Many large carriers have training programs and self-insured programs that accept new drivers. Some insurance carriers offer new venture policies specifically for drivers with less than 2 years experience, though premiums are significantly higher. Requirements typically include successful completion of accredited CDL training programs, clean MVR (no major violations, minimal or no minor violations), acceptable background check, and often a road test with the carrier. New drivers should focus on gaining experience with established carriers that provide insurance coverage before attempting owner-operator roles.

How do I know if my violation is major or minor for insurance purposes?

Check the ACD code on your MVR or citation. Violations with codes A20-A99 (alcohol/drugs), U01-U99 (criminal offenses), B20-B27 (license suspensions), S21-S99 (excessive speeding 20+ MPH over), M75-M76 (school bus), M80-M84 (reckless/careless driving), and specific railroad crossing violations are typically major. Most other violations are minor. Consult with your insurance agent or company safety department for clarification on specific violations. When in doubt, assume stricter classification until confirmed. The distinction is critical because exceeding minor violation limits (typically 3 in 3 years) or having any major violation (5-year lookback) dramatically impacts insurance eligibility and costs.

What documentation should I maintain to support my driving record?

Keep copies of all commercial driver-related documents including current CDL, medical card, MVR reports (request annually), employer safety awards and recognition, defensive driving course certificates, training program completions, DOT drug test results (negative), dash camera footage for significant events, GPS and telematics reports showing safe driving, vehicle inspection reports, maintenance records for any vehicle you own, and correspondence regarding any violations or accidents. This documentation supports insurance applications, employment verification, violation appeals, and demonstrates professionalism. Organize records chronologically and maintain for at least 7 years. Digital copies provide backup and easy access when needed.